History Education in Primary Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History Education in Primary Schools - Essay Example The instructive basic of such noteworthy training was to hold similarity, as opposed to the cutting edge thought of empowering basic however. 1 Colonialism and the World Wars realized an adjustment in how history would be instructed, particularly after Education turned into the state’s work. The accentuation at that point moved towards a nationalistic methodology of showing history, what we term as publicity. We now we live in a period where history is concentrated in a worldwide setting, with the strengthening point of making a feeling of multiculturalism and assorted variety. Among the jobs of history instruction, particularly in the current setting of expanded culturally diverse association, the job of History Education incorporates: 2 Schools as Social transmitters Promoting dynamic Citizenship Making History Real Promoting Positive Values a similar report proposes that banter on the job of history training generally happens on: Nature of truth Tempering truth Avoiding Mor al Relativity While the procedure and focal point of history training may involve banter, the significance of this zone of study stays uncontested, especially from an utilitarian viewpoint. Focal point OF HISTORY EDUCATION: The focal point of history instruction has regularly involved discussion among government officials and the scholarly world, the core of which has fundamentally been the reason for instructing history. Lawmakers like the British training secretary, Michael Gove3, guarantee that the reason for history instruction is to teach a feeling of patriotism in the understudies so they are in contact with their political and social roots. A score of strategy creators accept that the history right now being educated in schools goes astray from significant British history and is progressively disposed towards European history and worldwide occasions. This would clearly infer cutting and surrounding the educational plan with chosen realities and data that would fortify enthusi astic assumptions in the focused on understudies. Academians like Dr Marcus Collins, of Loughborough University, guarantee that such a particular methodology of history training is suggestive of an unpretentious type of purposeful publicity, that has been a component of undemocratic countries. This way of thinking accepts that the most problem that is begging to be addressed with history training isn’t the educational program, however the measure of time that is given to instructing history. Where history training ought to be made necessary to more significant levels of instruction, policymakers are bowed towards further shortening the time that is allocated to educating history. In the event that this thought is meant instructive strategies, at that point history training will in fact become inept in conferring the vital diagnostic range of abilities it searched out to take into account. It is accepted that British history can't be secluded from European history as quite a b it of Britain’s political movement occurred past its outskirts, across landmasses. This discussion is a piece of the government’s disappointment over the liberal scholastic methodology that is pervasive in schools, refering to an absence of center and control as significant issues. As an outcome, the government4 has raised another program where military authorities will be planted as educators in school to keep up dignity and concrete an increasingly engaged way to deal with instructing with the idea of the ‘

I Love School Essay Example for Free

I Love School Essay Entryways and windows - It is recommended to utilize wooden entryway and window outlines rather than cement or steel. Surrounding Timber confining - normally stable protected - solid structure - development times are less Recycled steel encircling - It’s simple to utilize when contractual workers are building your home - less encircling material contrasted with wood yet will even now be a similar structure in the event that you utilized wood. - Walls, rooftop and roofs won't change because of the climate changes - they don't decay, retain dampness or make form - safe against termites Roofing Cool material - when the item is painted onto your rooftop the sun is reflected away. it very well may be painted on wood, solid, mortar, metal and glass. - when it’s sweltering it is favored that you don white rather than dark, cool material is the place it mirrors the sun and remains cooler in light of the fact that it’s a white shading - cost more than typical material however once it begins to work it brings down your bill. - having the rooftop that you presumably have on your home presently can arrive at temperatures of more than 70 degrees putting away more warmth into your home, cool roofing’s temperature just goes to 20-35 degrees all things considered without protection going out cooler and sparing you from taking care of substantial cooling tabs. Bona fide rooftop produced using reused materials - been said that it’s for all intents and purposes unbreakable - they are very light weight - has UV assurance which prevents it from blurring - contains no poison materials Rooftop tiles - shading won't blur, rust or consume - are a characteristic warm cover. In winter they keep the virus freshen up and the warmth in. In summer they keep the warmth out and cold in - characteristic sound encasing - they are heat obstruction; along these lines they give security against shrubbery fires - made with normally happening dirt which can be reused into new mud tiles and blocks Insulation Spray froth protection - 75% clamor decrease diminishes form and buildup development - saves money on power bills Structural protection boards - half more vitality productive - 40% less development time - the center of the boards is made of Expanded Polystyrene which is produced using utilizing a low-ecological procedure which implies it doesn't contain any significant carbons. The Oriented Strand Board which is a designed wood item is produced using reaping a quickly developing harvest timberland which makes the materials inexhaustible and reasonable. - fireproof - can be utili zed for floors, establishments and storm cellars - blocks and stone can be introduced on the boards SIP’s are additionally utilized as dividers despite the fact that you can put stone, or block over its highest point. There is no requirement for painting as SIP’s arrive in a scope of shading. reused denim - produced using old pants that have been cleaned, stripped and canvassed in boric corrosive which is shape, fire and creepy crawly safe - doesn’t contain any throat or skin disturbances - makes a more noteworthy sound wall - its 100% recyclable - requires modest quantity of vitality to make - doesn’t tingle and simple to deal with - when the protection gets wet its fabricated to inhale and discharge the dampness. Likewise contains dynamic form inhibitors reused paper 100% recyclable - takes multiple times less vitality to deliver than half of the other protection - non-destructive - doesn’t bolster shape or parasite development - it lessens overheating and overcooling additionally useful for sound protection Heating/cooling Solar brilliant breeze - gathers sun powered vitality from under a tile or timber rooftop and cools the house in summer and warms it in winter Spi lt framework - vitality proficient when contrasted with versatile and window climate control systems Hydronic warming - utilizes brilliant warmth. Evaporative cooling - utilizes common air Smartbreeze - decreases 40% ozone harming substances - spares vitality and power bills can likewise work around evening time furnishing nighttime cooling how it functions with a metal rooftop warming. During winter and cold days there can be a development of warm warmed air between the rooftop, sheets and thwarts. The air is hauled to the smartbreeze unit and the fan invigorated by the sun powered board that’s set on your rooftop power the warm air through roof vents and into your living spaces making a hotter domain. Cooling during the day during blistering climate sight-seeing builds up into your rooftop. The sun based stimulated fans power the now chilly air into your living space which at that point lessens the temperature. Rooftop ventilation Avoiding a development of dampness in winter and to decrease an over the top warmth develop in the mid year - Some advantages are †lowing vitality bills, more noteworthy solace in home, guarantee the wellbeing of your family - Removes dust which enters through little holes of the house structure expanding your wellbeing. Planting counterfeit grass Regal grass - 100% reused - Contains no hurtful poisons or substantial metals - no infill like sand is required for the protection - not spiky like genuine grass, delicate to contact and stroll on - doesn’t should be cut, consequently low upkeep is required. There is no compelling reason to clear away the abundance grass that’s left finished. Termiturf - no watering, cutting or preparing - its low upkeep - doesn’t lose shading or blur genuine grass - Needs to be watered at any rate once every week - Needs to be cut, the petroleum from the garden trimmer contaminates the air - Needs to be treated, utilizing manure is terrible in light of the fact that the synthetic substances that are in it get washed into either, streams, seas and lakes. That makes green growth develop and animals that live in the water or drink the water. dim water - dark water is gathered from you shower, shower or clothes washer, it is then redirected into a siphon called the waste water framework, when the water streams hrough the siphon it is then occupied into your nursery. - it can set aside to 350-700L every day - less vitality and compound use - lower water charges Drip water system - weed development is diminishes in light of the fact that between plants the territories aren’t inundated - consistent dampness which improves developm ent in plants - you don’t need to move them around like a sprinkler, they can remain there permenately - diminished manure cost - 60% more effectiveness over sprinkler frameworks Flooring Cork flooring - produced using trees. The trees are not chopped down, they are produced using the bark which develops back at regular intervals - stopper flooring contains a low or no VOC (unpredictable natural compound).

Blog Archive Free Budget Planning Session from M7 Financial

Blog Archive Free Budget Planning Session from M7 Financial Are you one of the thousands of MBA admits thinking about how much your degree will really cost and how you will pay for it? Our sister firm M7 Financial is offering a free Budget Planning Session for MBA students who want a realistic view on direct and indirect  B-school expenses, tips for avoiding common budgeting mistakes, and information on how to fund their degrees. First, you will have a 30-minute, one-on-one session with an M7 budgeting coach, after which you will receive a personalized budget presentation that covers the following: An assessment of your potential school-specific and personal expenses Anticipated job search and networking expenses Areas where your MBA programs suggested budget may not be appropriate for your circumstances Potential sources for funding all your expenses If you plan to attend an MBA program based in the United States in 2015, sign up for your free Budget Planning Session here: http://www.m7financial.com/free-budget-session/ Note: At this time, the M7 Financial Web site does not provide access to loans for international students without a co-signer based in the United States. If you have questions about this complimentary offering, please email M7 Financial at info@m7financial.com. Share ThisTweet News

Domestic Violence Essay - 3216 Words

Domestic Violence Domestic violence is a problem which continues to plague the nation, but through stricter law enforcement, improved hospital reporting technique, nationwide education and counseling, this problem can be reduced. Domestic violence has many names; family violence, battering, wife beating, and domestic abuse. All these terms refer to the same thing, abuse by a marital, common law, or a dating partner in an intimate relationship. Domestic violence is not limited to physical beating. It is any behavior that is intended to overpower and control another human being through the use of humiliation, fear, and physical or verbal assault. Domestic violence is a very important issue in today’s society because it has such a†¦show more content†¦The first thing a person involved in a domestic violence relationship needs to do is seek help. Seeking help can be a difficult step to take, but it’s the first step towards a more peaceful family life. Deciding whether to invol ve the police or seek protection from the court can be difficult. The legal system may be intimidating, confusing and cannot guarantee your safety. You may even encounter risks such as; not being believed; not having the seriousness of the violence understood; your partner attempting to get even with you; or not getting what you need because you don’t know your rights. Still, the legal system has much to offer in providing protection. Knowing your rights and what’s available to you is an important part of planning for your safety. If you call the police, they must come to investigate. If the police find that your partner committed a felony against you or another family member, they must make an arrest. Felonies are the most serious of crimes, which could be a broken bone, or an injury from a weapon. If the police witness a violation being committed, they could make an arrest, but they are not required to. If you aren’t satisfied with the way the police are handl ing the situation, politely ask to talk to a supervisor. If talking with the supervisor doesn’t help, call a domestic violence program and ask them for help with dealing with the police (Matthews, 447-450). Domestic violence is a major cause ofShow MoreRelatedDomestic violence1229 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ 3/1/13 Domestic Violence Persuasive Essay Final Draft â€Å"Every year, in the United States there are over 3 million incidents of reported domestic violence. Every year, 4,000 victims of domestic violence are killed.† (Domestic Violence: Disturbing Facts about Domestic Violence). Domestic violence is a crime that is not just committed in the United States, but worldwide. This crime is committed every day, every hour, every minute, and every second. Anybody can be a victim or the abuser. ThisRead MoreDomestic Violence1340 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Violence is a problem sweeping the nation. This problem can affect anyone from anywhere but is generally acting out upon children and adult women in abusive relationships. Domestic violence is emotionally and physically scarring for anyone involved, and as a result could take multiple intervention meetings to begin to understand the issue, alleviate the associated problems, and to assist the victim in getting back on his or her feet. The consequences of abuse include anxiety, d epressionRead MoreDomestic Violence2691 Words   |  11 Pagestowards domestic violence have changed considerably. Once, the only avenue that existed for victims of domestic violence was through criminal law. Today, all states of Australia have enacted various forms of domestic violence legislation to deal with this growing problem within our communities. The Domestic and Family Violence Protection Act 2012 (Qld) provides a broader and more contemporary definition of what constitutes domestic and family violence. The legal definition of domestic violence is outlinedRead MoreDomestic Violence1120 Words   |  5 Pagesstatements that one hears when discussing domestic violence. When video broke of NFL player Ray Rice, hitting and knocking out his then girlfriend Janay, those were the types of questions that erupted on social media. Instead the question should have been, â€Å"Why did he hit her?†, â€Å"Why didn’t he show any emotion or remorse?† â€Å"What is wrong with him?† This is known as victim blaming, and it is unfortunately all too prevalent in our society today. Domestic violence is a dirty little secret that no one wantsRead MoreDomestic Abuse And Domestic Violence Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesover 3 million incidents of domestic violence. That means that every nine seconds a women is beat en by her domestic partner† (Findeley). There are many women that stay silent when being abuse by their partners. The consequences of staying quiet when obtaining abuse can be dangerous and can also lead to death. Many women do not recognize the importance of the fact that there is in speaking out if they are being abuse by their partner. No woman should take domestic abuse by their partners. EveryRead MoreDomestic Violence And Public Violence Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion people in the United States are affected by domestic violence. There are 8.8 million children who will witness domestic violence. Half of all victims of domestic violence will also experience the unimaginable pain of their child/children being abused alongside them. The fact is, domestic violence will affect or touch every person in their lifetime (Pence McMahon, 1999). There are many ground-breaking advocates of reducing domestic violence, though one stands out above the others. EllenRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1237 Words   |  5 Pages1.0 Introduction Domestic violence or intimate partner violence can occur in any type of relationship. There are many types of domestic violence including; social, physical, emotional and spiritual. Domestic violence is all about one person wanting control and power over the other and it can be expressed in many ways. It can occur in more than one way such as; coercion, threats, intimidation, isolation, stalking, sexual abuse, and economic abuse. It can also be a single act or a pattern of behaviourRead MoreDomestic Abuse And Domestic Violence965 Words   |  4 PagesI chose to do the domestic survivors subculture I feel as if it was a great topic to focus on its going to reveal a lot of emotion. Domestic violence can happen to anyone. Domestic violence sometimes called battering is against the law. At first glance, it is hard to imagine why a victim of domestic violence would voluntarily remain in the relationship with the abuser. As you may know domestic violence doesn’t always start off as violence it starts off as in the form of love. The abuser feels asRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Domestic Violence1380 Words   |  6 Pagesobject to violence, because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil it does is permanent†, quoted by Mahatma Gandhi. Violence is defined as an unjust or unwarranted exertion of power or force to intentionally injure, damage, or destroy something or someone. Amongst the various types of violence, there is one in particular that has been causing an ongoing debate within societies across the world; this certain type of violence is known as domestic violence. Domestic violence, alsoRead MoreDomestic Violence And Sexual Violence1535 Words   |  7 Pageslifetime (Domestic Violence Statistics, 2015). The topic that will be studied with the paper is intimate partner violence or another term that can be used is domestic violence. Domestic violence or intimate partner violence is the systematic pattern or control or power perpetuated by one partner against another (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, n.d.). Throughout the paper the term domestic violence and intimate violence will be used interchangeably. The misconception is that domestic violence

Comparative Analysis Of Stanley Milgrams The Perils Of...

Comparative Analysis The purpose of Stanley Milgram writing his â€Å"The Perils of Obedience,† is to show to what extent an individual would contradict his/her moral convictions because of the orders of an authority figure (Milgram 78). He constructed an experiment wherein an experimenter instructs a naà ¯ve subject to inflict a series of shocks of increasing voltage on a protesting actor. Contrary to Milgram’s expectations, about sixty percent of the subjects administered the highest voltage shock. (Milgram 80). According to Milgram, experiment variations disproved the theory that the subjects were sadists. (Milgram 85). Milgram states that although the subjects are against their actions, they desire to please the experimenter, and they often†¦show more content†¦Miles Hewstone, who earned his PhD in social psychology from the University of Oxford, would concur, stating, â€Å"This evidence tends to rule out†¦ the possibility that participants were sadists† (Hewstone 267). Milgram links these ordinary people to the soldiers and Nazi officials who carried out the Holocaust. Although this argument has partial merit, Milgram’s ineffectiveness, is tied to his failure to address the differences between the two groups. Baumrind effectively addresses this gap in Milgram’s logic; she states that the German soldier or SS officer had, unlike the subjects in Milgram’s experiment, no reason to believe that their superiors or authority figures were â€Å"benignly disposed towards himself or their victims† (Baumrind 93). Not only was the relation between the authority and the subject different, but the relation between the subject and the â€Å"victim† was as well. In Milgram’s experiment, the learner was an equal to the subject, while in Nazi Germany, the victims were viewed by the soldiers as sub-human. Baumrind accurately suggests that these altered relationships removed any of the guilt felt by Milgram’s s ubjects from the conscience of the German soldiers. Thomas Blass, who was an American social psychologist, Holocaust survivor, and author of the first published biography of Milgram, would add to Baumrind’s stance, stating, â€Å"Milgram’s approach does not provide aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book A Few Good Men By Solomon E. Asch1540 Words   |  7 PagesComparative Analysis The foundation of today’s society is not in immense chaos or destruction, but rather in an organizational order because of the choice in obedience. As depicted in the movie, â€Å"A Few Good Men†, obedience is questioned due to soldiers choosing to obey or not when it presents the case of Lance Cpl. Harold Dawson and Pfc. Louden Downey being disciplined for committing a crime, even if they were only following orders. Eric Fromm, a social psychologist and psychoanalyst, furthers pointsRead MoreComparative Analysis a Few Good Men Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesComparative Analysis: A Few Good Men â€Å"You dont need a patch on your arm to have honor.† Lt. Daniel Kaffee, portrayed by Tom Cruise, says at the end of the movie to Lance Cpl. Dawson after the final ruling is read, stating PFC. Downy and Lance Cpl. Dawson are innocent but are dishonorably discharged from the military. A Few Good Men portrays the negative impact on military personally from strict obedience. Lt. Daniel Kaffee, along with Lt. Cdr. JoAnne Galloway and Lt. Sam Weinberg; played byRead MoreThe Perils Of Obedience By Milgram And The Stanford Prison Experiment1207 Words   |  5 PagesHumanity will always question the idea of obedience. Two prestigious psychologists, Stanley Milgram and Philip G. Zimbardo, conducted practical obedience experiments with astonishing results. Shocked by the amount of immoral obedience, both doctors wrote articles exploring the reasoning for the test subjects unorthodox manners. In The Perils of Obedience by Milgram and The Stanford Prison Experiment by Zimbardo, the p rofessionals reflect their thoughts in a logical manner. Milgram s experimentRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesAcademic Positions: Franklin D. Schurz Chair, Department of Management, Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre Dame; Matherly-McKethan Eminent Scholar in Management, Warrington College of Business Administration, University of Florida; Stanley  M. Howe Professor in Leadership, Henry B. Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa; Associate Professor (with tenure), Department of Human Resource Studies, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University; Lecturer, Charles UniversityRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 At titudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics

Marketing Plan For Supervive Apparel - 3427 Words

Marketing Plan Supervive Apparel 2015 Autumn/Winter Collection Executive Summary Supervive Apparel is a growing streetwear business that has been producing and manufacturing clothing aimed at males aged from 16-25 since 2012. In the two years that the business has been functioning, it has not achieved substantial growth and will need to grow to maintain a profitable business. This marketing plan is aimed at the next line of products to be released by Supervive Apparel, their Autumn/Winter collection of 2015. This Marketing Plan will go over the various aspects of marketing the Autumn/Winter collection of 2015 – †¢ Situational Analysis including strengths of the business and further opportunities the business can take, along with†¦show more content†¦This plan was designed to suggest strategies and actions that Supervive Apparel can take to help their business to significantly grow in the future, and to be making considerable profit from their endeavours in producing quality, fashionable clothing for consumers to purchase and enjoy. Situational Analysis Strengths †¢ Good customer service reputation in the business. †¢ A quality product is being produced by the business, so more customers will be attracted to the clothing/brand. †¢ The product is relevant to today’s fashion, with people already looking forward to buying the next line of clothes that Supervive Apparel will release. †¢ There is a good amount of loyal customers, who are definite buyers of the products that will be released. †¢ The business will have employees who have previously worked in fashion and clothing before, so they will be able to adapt well to selling a new line of products. †¢ Business has low costs, as people will pay a lot more for the product then it is being produced for. †¢ Online store is frequently used, with customers buying items from different continents such as North America and Europe. †¢ Designers of the product are known for their initiative approach to fashion There are a lot of strengths that Supervive Apparel has as a business, with most of their strength coming from their loyal customer base, and the product

England Hoping a Win Against New Zealand

Question: Write an Original news story of England is hoping a win against New Zealand? Answer: Dated 16.02.15: England lost their first match against Australia at ICC cricket World cup 2015. Chasing a score of 342 against Australia in home ground was not so simple. End of the day result was same as predicted. England lost the game by 111 runs. Followers of the team England were disappointed but hope is there. The second match will be a very hard match for England because New Zealand already wins there first match against Sri Lanka. After losing the 1st match England decides to give there two hundred percent at their 2nd one. Team England may be disappointed with judgment of the umpire because the run out given by leg umpire was incorrect and ICC also agrees with this fact but the game must go on and England is hopeful that they will surely make their debut win against New Zealand. As per the facts and figures of World cup New Zealand is one of the toughest contestants whos having a record of being a part of semi finalist for 6 times but never been a part of finals. England is a team who never won world cup but they are bagged the title of runner up three times. After 1992 England not reached final of any world cup. Another fact is New Zealand will get the home ground advantage. So with lots of pressure and challenge England will have to win their second match for the better positioning in the point table. Coach of the England team is also hopeful of their victory against New Zealand at Wellington. Cricket fever is rising in fans and followers. This is a game of hope and tremendous effort. Everybody wants to see their team in the final so lets the best team win.

Character Analysis The Power of One Essay Example

Character Analysis The Power of One Essay An interesting character in, The Power of One, by Bryce Courtenay is Peekay. I found him interesting because he sees problems differently to other people, he develops greatly throughout the book and he shows love to all people no matter their race. Peekay sees problems very differently to most people. When others see something that doesn’t go how they want it they will give up whether Peekay would stop and work his way around the problem. â€Å"I was by nature a fairly quiet sort of a guy and had no trouble getting on with things.† This suggests that Peekay had no problem at getting on with doing what has to be done without complaining or delaying. This is an important quality to have and helps avoid procrastination. As Peekay grows up he starts to realize the importance of following his own path. At the start of the book Peekay believes he needs to frequently, camouflage, himself in order to survive the world. â€Å"I had become an expert at camouflage. My precocity allowed me, chameleon like, to be to each what they required me to be.† In this quote Peekay compares himself to a chameleon which suggests that he can change to adapt to his environment in order to become unnoticeable or put on his, camouflage. Towards the end of the book Peekay starts to question the idea of others controlling his destiny and wants to remove his camouflages and create his own destiny. The quote, â€Å"Always listen to yourself It is better to be wrong than simply to follow convention.† shows that Peekay later realises that it is better to do your own thing then to keep your, camouflage, on. This idea is important to today’s society because there are many more influences due to technology, espe cially for young people, which can change how we think and act and sometimes we need to not listen to these influences so we can make up our own minds about important social issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Analysis The Power of One specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Character Analysis The Power of One specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Character Analysis The Power of One specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Peekay has always views all people equally no matter their race. He was

Postwar father essays

Postwar father essays The postwar father was a central participant in a wide assortment of family leisure activites. The periods increased time and empahis upon, leisure fit in with longer term changes in ideologies of fatherhood. The "new father" took more interest in matters of daily family life, including leisure orientated child care and sex education of sons and daughters. These developments did not change mens position as breadwinners, but expanded their realm into domestic areas. It is with the additional leisure time that he becomes exposed to and absorbs the barbecuing commercial speech. At this time there is no language available to reconize the male contrbution to domestic production. So men's gardening, hunting, and alcohol manufacturing were said to be hobbies. (Example Suzanne Morton's comments). Since the fathers role was the breadwinner and the women's role was primarily housekeeping. How would it be that barbecuing could be conceived as masculine, an activity matching one that is held in the kitchen by a women. Could outdoor cooking be protrayed as a hobby. Thomas Walsh, "suggested a genetic link between masculinity and the outdoors as the reason for mens pro-clivty to put up the barbecue tongs. Barbecue And Outdoor Cooking went out of it's way to note that grilling was "an old age method of preparing meat". Others contrasted cooking in a modern cooking, barbecuing harkened back to an earlier time. Tom Riley, author of " How to Build Your Outdoor Kitchen", felt the bustle of modern life explained men's barbecuing. The barbecuing represented a brief retreat from modern life and , presumably, modern gender roles. In order to sell barbecues and barbecue products advertisers had to position the product and the event as a very masculine event. The advertisers had to portray the product and disassociate it from the kitchen. Catalogues were used to portray the product as a direct relationship between the meat, barbecuing, ...

FIN 352 (1) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FIN 352 (1) - Essay Example One of the major OBS activities is the issuance of guarantees. This may be called by a bank to take place at a future time, and the dedication to lend at a forthcoming time if the borrower wishes. This may prompt the result of a contingent risk which may be out of the control of the financial institution. A duration of a zero-coupon bond is a bond that does not pay any interest in its maturity life. That is; its maturity is equivalent to maturity because hundred percent of its present value is made by the payment of the nominal value at maturity (Lee & Alice 316). The relationship that exists between duration and maturity in bonds is that the longer a bond takes to mature, the greater is its duration or volatility. Duration changes each time a bond makes a coupon installment. After some time, it abbreviates as the bond nears maturity. Elsewhere, the relationship between duration and yield is that the higher a bond yields as it nears maturity, the lesser is its duration. This is because the present value of the inaccessible cash flows gets to be dominated by the value of the closer installments. Also, the relationship between duration and interest rates is that the higher a coupon bond is, the more interest it generates and vice versa. The financial significance of duration is the mea sure of a bond’s correspondence to the interest changes in the economy. Value at risk is method used to quantify and measure the level of financial related vulnerability inside an association over a determined duration. Its approach to the market risk is based on measuring three variables that are the level of potential risk, the probability amount of the specified level of risk and the time frame. Value at risk is closely related with the normal distribution. It measures portfolio risk along the normal distribution curve. The curve was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss hence the name

Health Care Finance in the United States SLP Essay

Health Care Finance in the United States SLP - Essay Example NC Health Choice for Children does not cover pregnancy related services. Another major advantage of getting healthcare for citizens in North Carolina is that individuals cannot be rejected because of health condition. Furthermore, health Care Coverage program eligibility is based on family’s finance. Seniors along with unemployed need to have a specific medical need when application is made. Just like in other states, patients can opt for either HMO or PPO plans. This allows an individual to select a plan with a different ramifications since different provides will charge a different price. North Carolina’s policies regarding health care is not much different than federal policies outlined for other states. As a matter of fact, North Carolina dictates that children under 18 are eligible for Medicaid. Medicaid is quite essential is provides affordable healthcare to parties that cannot afford insurance. One important detail about Medicaid is the fact that nearly all cost-sharing is prohibited for children covered based on family income. Hence in separate plans, the state has the ability to demand premiums, deductibles or other cost-sharing fees. This means that children’s coverage can be covered by Medicaid or a private insurance company depending on the family’s income. Â  In North Carolina the self-employed and small business are guaranteed access, and insurance companies are limited in, which is dictated by other factors. One of the key factors that dictates healthcare polices is the cost of unhealthy versus healthy self-employed individuals and small groups. Even under the best of circumstances, those who are new to the health insurance market, or have previously been covered by an employer, should be prepared for sticker shock. A standard small group health insurance policy in North Carolina can easily cost $15,000 or more for a family. Most self-employees obtain the HNOnly Plan H-101, in which the deductible for individual is

Budgeting in the Hotel Industry

Budgeting in the Hotel Industry Abstract This study focuses on the concept of budgeting in hotel industry particularly on the case of Marriott Hotel and Resorts. It primarily identifies the current issues, challenges and opportunities faced by Marriott Hotel. It also aims to find out various aspect of budgeting within hotel industry specifically on how to develop more positive implementation of budget in terms of the company’s financial performance. Using data gathered from interview and personal experience upon placement, the researcher should be able to provide explanation and practical solutions or recommendations related to the general findings or perhaps the aim of the study. Chapter 1 1.1 Main Aims and Objectives of The Study To provide a wide-ranging discussion on the concept of budgeting and their implementation within hotel industry is the main objective of this study. Through a case study approach, the following are the main specific objectives: To describe the process of budgeting employed by Marriott Hotel. To identify the current issues, challenges and opportunities faced by Marriott Hotel. To propose practical solutions and recommendations on the identified issues, challenges and opportunities. 1.2 Research Questions Budgeting is an essential element in any industry. In this case, the concept of budgeting is focused on the following problems: How Marriott Hotel employs the process of budgeting? What are the current issues, challenges and opportunities faced by Marriott Hotel? What are some practical solutions and recommendations on the identified issues, challenges and opportunities? 1.3 Background of The Study â€Å"Hoteliers use budgeting and forecasting for strategic planning and financial control, and as a standard against which to measure actual operating results. Financial forecasts and budgets can strengthen managements control of hotel operating expenses and help determine the profitability of the property†. â€Å"Budgeting is planning. In order to make meaningful decision about the future, a manager must look ahead. One way to look ahead is to prepare budgets or forecast† Coltman, Michael M. (1998). In past few years the enormous booming of the tourism industry, budgetary practices in hotel industry has become a significantly studied area of business research and activity. â€Å"Previous research into budgeting practice was undertaken by Schmidgall and Ninemeier (1987 and1989) within the USA†, â€Å"Collier and Gregory (1995) dealt on practices of management accounting of six (6) organizations including budgeting†. â€Å"The early and limited accounts o f management accounting particularly budgeting within hotel industry paved way for increased effort of few hospitality educators to the need of undertaking research into budgetary practices within the industry (Schimidgall et al., 1996)†. Now days, research work on management accounting and practice are growing unlike any other research field. The findings of this piece of individual work to carry out a research work in the area of management accounting specifically on budgeting aspect and also to look on the relevance and applicability on the case of Marriott Hotel. It also emphasize that the literatures to be used on this study increases until the conclusion of the entire research activity. Other management accounting principle will also be considered. 1.4 Significance of The Research At the end of the research project, the researcher should be able to provide a better way of planning budget as well as their proper use. After determining the important issues, challenges and opportunities on the budgeting approach or strategy of Marriott Hotel, this study will be beneficial to other hotel companies and related business in the hospitality industry especially those who are experiencing similarly related problems. This study will increase the consciousness and will provide a better understanding of the issues and problems concerning budgeting among most hotel companies and organizations. It will improve knowledge through the use of accounting principle as well as definition of important concept, interpretation and analysis of financial statement is the main priority. Also, this will contribute an effective approach in addressing budgetary problems and difficulties. This paper is clearly important for organization that follows appropriate accounting standard and use it for planning the budget and control the cost and expenditure to deploy effective budgetary management within the hotel industry. Chapter 2 2.1 Methodology This is a descriptive research in terms of its purpose, qualitative in terms of its process, case study in terms of methodology, and applicable in terms of its outcome. The researcher used the Descriptive research since â€Å"descriptive research is used to obtain information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe what exists with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. The methods involved range from the survey which describes the status quo, the correlation study which investigates the relationship between variables, to developmental studies which seek to determine change over time† â€Å"Descriptive research, also known as statistical research, describes data and characteristics about the population or phenomenon being studied†. Further, â€Å"Qualitative research is all about exploring issues, understanding phenomena, and answering questions† It’s Mainly focuses on meaning of words and the research setting and in terms of designing the research is the main focal point. Similarly, case study is also used on this project â€Å"Case study research excels at bringing us to an understanding of a complex issue or object and can extend experience or add strength to what is already known through previous research†. It aims to develop complete understanding of the case as possible and is not linked with any particular research technique. This method involves the researcher to inquire more in depth analysis and examine thorough a real life experience of a person. It is also noted how these behaviors change as the individual adapts and reacts to that particular situation. The discovery and identification of all the important variables which have contributed to the history or development of the chosen subject is also feasible through this method. In this study, the researcher used applied research since it includes the analysis of a real life situation and explores the problem, issues associated with a real life scenario, which is happening at the moment, and establishes a strong connection with the real environment. 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis Data collection or requirement for the research covered both primary and secondary sources.   The sources of data are the following: primary data – interview and personal experience and secondary data – published literatures directly linked on the subject. Data gathered from the interviews will be analyzed by comparing the common theme from the respondent. The interview involved managers working on Marriott Hotel who exercise management accounting particularly on the budgeting aspect. Interview is an effective way to accumulate some inside information of one particular company and discover important facts that any individual came across and also share experiential knowledge. The information gathered from the interviewee were directly quoted or referenced to support the initial observations of the researcher. Analysis and discussion of findings were included to both literatures and the facts that obtained through investigation. Using the theories and principles of management accounting, the researcher came up with discussions, conclusion and recommendations as a par of the project and also to provide a clear understanding of the entire project. Chapter 3 Literature Review The literature studies in terms of research work in management accounting as well as various other related topics in budgeting are extensive. This chapter covers the related literatures conducted on the area of study. By undertaking such approach , the research may be lead accordingly by discovering the source of the research, what and how much have been done in the past and what is still yet to be tackle. Besides providing background of the study, this study will also provide the necessary theoretical and various other related aspects in order for the research to stand convincing. References are taken form many different resources specifically, in the area of budgeting in hotel industry and issues on budgeting. 3.1 Budgeting in Hotel Industry This section provides a fundamental understanding of budgeting concept in hospitality industry and their use in their daily operation. â€Å"The use of budgetary control is one of the key detective controls in many hotel businesses† Chin, J., Barney, W and O’Sullivan. The traditional idea on the concept of hotel is a sort of business establishment that offers paid temporary housing or simply lodging. Such services are provided in a short term basis and it concludes in a specified period of time. In the meantime, money is often referred as the income of the business and on the other hand budgets provides a guideline for any expenditure and increase the shareholders wealth and owners interest in terms of providing a standard service for the business to stand creditable. â€Å"The budget is like an airline Pilot’s flight plan; it sets out in figures where to steer in order to reach a given objective† Fenton, Lawrence, Fowler, Norman A., Parkinson, Geoff. Without a clear budget in mind, the business would not achieve the targeted return or perhaps maximised return required by the owner of the business since it cannot identify the risks and costs involved in its future trend. â€Å"The process of budgeting is considered to be a valuable control tool in the hospitality industry†. The primary concept and as stated before, hospitality industry is an operation establishment that offers short-term paid lodging to mostly travellers, tourists and other people. This is the traditional and main or common idea of people when they hear the term hotel. In the earlier days, hotels services were limited, such as a bed and its complete bedding, a locker, a small table – most of the time side table, and a washstand that includes bathroom and other comfort facilities. Additional features include telephone service, television (cable TV), and other necessary yet basic things like coffee or tea making accessories. In addition from the extended line of facilities and services, hotels also include some other special operations. At present time, the services provide by hotel has extended far more then their core business and presently hotels are offering events, banqueting and conference services. Most commonly hotels are said to be service-oriented. The identity of a hotel is based on the service particularly on the quality and overall operational standards. The presence of a hotel classification based on stars rating system. 3.2 Why Budgeting in Hospitality Industry? The use of budget and budgetary control is now a vital part of the Hospitality industry accounting and should then be use as a benchmark to measure their performance as well setting up their financial target. â€Å"The budgeting process is often used not only to plan ahead, but also for target setting and raising individual performance.† Adams, Debra. Hotel business alone is continuously growing in the 21st century. â€Å"The UK hotel market was valued at  £14bn in 2006, having an increased by 28.9% since 2002†. This industry comprises hotels and other accommodations, restaurants, fast food retail, bars, and catering. In order to sustain in this competitive market or to perform as a successful key player, any hotel industry must adopt budgeting; hence this will assist the management to plan ahead for their future target. â€Å"Budgeting is planning. In order to make meaningful decisions about the future a manager must look ahead. One way to look ahead is to prepare budget or forecast†. Gareth Owen (1998) has explained budgetary process in hotel business by drawing a budgetary cycle. Environmental Influences audit Internal resources audit Actual result Master Budget Departmental Budget Strategic Plan (3-7) years Annual Business plan Long term Strategic Gap Short term Operational gap (Accounting for Hospitality Tourism leisure Auth: Gereth Owen Second edition P: 297) The author has explained the overall planning cycle a top down process and for a long term objectives should determine any short term activity that has a significant impact in operational process. A strong hand in controlling their daily operation; for instance what is done from minute to minute, hour by hour and day to day will have a direct impact on long term plans. On the other hand controlling in any short term activities will directly influence in any long term objective. Therefore long terms aim or objective needs support from short term objective. There are several kinds of budgets are employed in hospitality establishment. For instance Capital Budget, Operating Budget, Master Budget, Departmental Budget, Fixed Budget, Flexible Budget. Each of these different kinds of budget comprise of many other type. 3.3 Budgetary process The process of budgetary practices in a hotel starts with the departmental budget, the consequence behind that is a departmental budget will give overall cost related to the many parts of the hotel for instance a house profit cannot be estimated without knowing the cost associated with department like housekeeping, valet, repairs and maintenance, room service reception etc. Also cash budget cannot be prepared without the knowledge of departmental revenue and expense hence the overall cost of the hotel. Departmental budget is probably the most difficult to prepare after the sales budget and involve a lot of manpower and moreover time consuming. The departmental budgeting process can be summarised in four steps. Assign a task for the department managers to gather information such as revenue, cost and expenditure. Analyse the past trend and estimate any revenue generated by the revenue centres like Brassiere, Banqueting, Restaurant, Front Office (reception), business centre, room service. Subtracts any expenditure from the estimated revenue related to the department. Finalise the information with the department managers before combining into one report At this point all the expenses and revenue should be combined with a detail report of explanation for the budgeted cost and revenue for that specific period, the department manager will have to decide whether this budget is feasible over that period or not, once this has been approved by the D.O.F it will then be combined in the Hotel Master Budget. Once the departmental budget has been established its time to prepare the cash budget, this will help the management to see the detail view of their cash inflows and outflows and will enable to plan a head for any expenditure. In today’s financial world almost every company adopt a cash budget as its help the management making decision about their future abilities for paying any debt as well as expenditure. Having discussed the budgetary process, many hotel industries uses more advanced, reliable techniques in addition to budgetary process to clarify any last minute adjustment prior to the budgetary period another word forecast is an updated version of the final budget. Forecasting is mainly use in budgeting and it also could be applicable to many other aspects in the industry. â€Å"A more accurate forecasting of room occupancy rates would facilitate strategic planning and enhance the decision-making procedures of hotel management companies† Forecasting is normally done in monthly basis prior to the beginning of the month, many company has more frequent forecasting policy. Two most commonly use forecasting method is the â€Å"moving average† and â€Å"multiple regressions† and this process is normally carried out by the finance department of any hotel. In Marriott, the hotel and its management start to prepare the budget in middle of the year for the upcoming next one year. The officers and members of the top level finance management are the ones responsible for the completion of the most appropriate and inclusive yearly budget. The hotel uses a bottom up approach budgeting system another word â€Å"participative budgeting method†. Participative budgeting involves employee’s participation in preparation of the budgeting at various level of organisational aspect, even though the final decision is made by the top level management. Participative budgeting gives employee an excellent opportunity to take the owner ship of their own budget document and motivation to meet the target. â€Å"A budgeting system in which all budget holders are given the opportunity to participate in setting their own budgets†. In this method all the managers are responsible for preparing their own departmental budget with the assistant of a finance manager. The departmental managers normally start preparing the budget in the month of July based on past trend, the managers will look ahead for the whole year projected expense like wages and salaries, any fixed and variable cost like labour cost and then calculate the required profit by the owner. The managers will then evaluate the budget inside-out to clarify is it practical? Is it reachable? The finance manager will then put forward their draft budget to upper level finance management for approval. Once this has been approved by the Director of Finance, general manager and the executive team it will then unite in their master budget and finally a copy of the Master budget will be sent to their regional office for approved by the Area director of finance. Marriott previously used a software package for helping the departmental manager preparing the budget which no longer supported and exchanged with the idea of using Excel spread shit Template. This template helps the manager whose are not very budget educated and has a limited understanding of budgeting concept. After end of each month the hotel publish an internal PL (Profit and Loss account) report for the departments to evaluate the performance. The department head will be asked to critique on their result to the director of finance (DOF) and DOF finally create a critique report which will be reviewed by the regional office. The following discussion is an example of Marriott Hotel Master Budget for a year. However, it is noted that specific figures are altered for the purposes of corporate confidentiality. Please refer to a copy of the Master budget in Appendix I Figure 1.1 is the detailed presentation of the hotel’s revenue target for the year 2006. As seen on the records, the room sales have a considerable portion in the total revenue because of the fact that this is the core of their entire business operations. This figure has been compared with the budget of the previous year 2005. Basing on the figures obtained from the comparison, the total room revenue significantly increased over12-month’s period. Depending on the upcoming business, the hotel management set this target for example, if any major function taking place in the month of August during the summer particularly this year, they then increase the target for the profit and revenue compared with the previous year. The total number of room sales revenue holds 25.44% share in the total sales. In this particular hotel, we can also see that they make the most revenue from the banqueting service although the room sales are their core business. The banqueting service has a share of 63.21% of the total sales. Meanwhile, the total Food and Beverage sales revenue has a significant impact in the hotel business. As a primary section of the entire hospitality industry, it plays a significant role in any hotel industry business. After determining the target for the total revenue of the hotel, the officers and members of the top level finance management who is in control of the overall budgeting process will start to look into the hotel’s expenses and wages. The department head will be asked to gather the needed information and come up with the numbers based on past business trends and experiences. The finance director will then discuss and undergo further clarifications with the department head before approving a unified master budget. In Figure 1.2, figures show the breakdown of all the expenses. The General Admin cost mainly consisted of the Directors’ remuneration and other hotel general expense including Directors’ Parks. From the data presented, it shows that this is one of their main expenses accounting to 32.42% of the total expense. Repairs Maintenance is also a major cost centre. This is due to the fact that it takes off a great amount of the hotel’s profit especially in the case of providing finances in fixing and repairing hotel equipment and facilities. Meanwhile, Sales marketing expenses are mainly accounted to finance hotel’s advertising campaign to promote their business and how to develop their services. On the case of Advertising, it is fixed over the whole year but could be changed depending on the business. Lastly, Figure 1.3 gives an itemized breakdown of the payroll expense including rooms, food and beverages, and other departments. The Food and beverage section employs the biggest number of people. As an important part of the hotel and its entire operations, it needs a great number of manpower to provide services to the hotel clients. The changes in the wages are brought about by trends affecting the whole hotel business operations. After determining all the expenses and the sales target, the officers and members of the top level finance management will then subtract the hotel expenses from the revenue figure to finalize the targeted profit figure. A monthly forecast takes place at the beginning of each month in addition to their quarterly forecast. For example in their 2008 budget they will have a monthly forecast for the month of January as well an advance forecast for the up coming next three month to see if there is any rapid movements in the current trend and perform any last minute adjustment. A forecast can be described as a latest update for the operating budget where a budget is a permanent financial planning for the year. A forecast is not expected to balance with their budget figures as they are flexible in terms of their use and can be changed to meet the demand of the business. 3.4 Issues on Budgeting It is argued that budgeting is considered as an â€Å"old system of control† (Malmi, 2001) or a â€Å"traditional† management accounting (MA) technique (Burns and Yazdifar, 2001). Moreover, it has weaknesses and pitfalls particularly in its entire process (Cruz, 2007). Budgets are prepared on the base of some known factor as well as unknown factor which really means making a future plan just by predicting the possible future business. Budgets preparation also requires disclosing company’s financial information which could be use by the competitor such as their financial performance result. Moreover any surplus in the budget could lead to unnecessary spending; for instance if an expenditure budgets is overvalued then there might be a possibility to find ways to spend those extra fund. There are so many limiting factors in budget and this has been criticised by many individual in the past. Following are the few criticism extracted from the â€Å"Management accounting-Performance evaluation book. Budgets are a commitment. They therefore act as a constraint on doing anything different. Traditional budget are seen as a mechanism for top down control by senior management. Traditional budget restrict flexibility Budget reinforces barriers between department† During the interview with a Finance manager from Marriott hotel, the researcher has found out some specific problem that a manager encounter when preparing the budget which conclude a bad performance in their actual outcome. It was explained that why a manager or hotel don’t meet their budget could be subject to preparing a budget that is realistically unsuitable. Following are the highlighted points that came up during the interview. Unrealistic / too optimistic: If the budget has been prepared by a senior level management based on their own assumption, might not be realistic or acceptable by a lower level manager and could even result a failure to meet the target. A departmental manager will have a better understanding of their target for the specified period rather then being too optimistic about the goal set by the senior managers. Over estimate/ under estimate: A manager tends to make the common mistake when preparing the budget by either over estimating or underestimating the budget. From a budgeting point of view the both issues are identified as a bad influence. Not much participation from the bottom level management: Sometime when preparing the budget becomes sort of an empowering issue and the senior level management ignore the fact of participation by a manager whom it will be assigned. On the other hand a lower level manager might not be interested to add any comment on their budget due to lack of understanding in this area. Poor planning: A poor planning could really effect any budgeting; therefore use of proper time management is very important when preparing the budget. Use of past trend: comparing the past trend result will give them more accurate information whether the set target will be achievable or not or anything particular they need to look at, compare to previous year result. Communication gap: lack of communication between top level management and bottom level management. Despite the first interview with a finance manager, the researcher has also interviewed a top level finance manager, who discussed the issues by putting them into two groups. This could be as follows. Two Groups: 1. External Issue 2. Internal Issue 3.4.1 External issues Unfortunate event (for instance natural disaster): A sudden natural disaster or any unfortunate tragic event could significantly affect the budget for any fiscal year. Changes in government rules and regulation: Any changes in government law for instance health and safety issue or maybe increase in taxation might cause a review of the budget and to carry out a review process will cost more time and money. 3.4.2 Internal issues Hotel renovation: This is a practical example even the researcher has came across during working for the Marriott hotel, the researcher has found out delays occurring through out the life time of the renovation could result to many changes in their budget and loss of revenue and as the hotel funds are limited it is very difficult for the management to tackle this kind of situation. In relation to the bottom level management following are the major concern Lack of understanding Not knowing the operation properly Communication across department ( Example CB) It was identified by the management that the most difficult part of a budget in any hotel establishment is the sales budget. Prior to conclude any figure in the sales budget a forecast should be done. Consequently the forecast number of room sales will give an idea of the cost related to the budget and the management will have a clear picture of different type of cost such as variable and semi fixed cost. One of the major facts that will influence in the forecast for the sales is called as limiting factor also known as â€Å"principal budget factor. This means an additional increase in the sales volume will almost be impossible; for instance the number of rooms available is fixed and therefore the management cannot sell any more then what is available. This has left them with no choice for any additional sale except an increase in the room price; as a consequence they must make sure that they are in line with a hundred percent occupancy rate during the festive season or if possible most of the time during the year. Same issues also influence their restaurant budget such as fixed number of seats available in their restaurant and not able to accommodate any extra guest and this may well result in loss of any potential sales as they cannot increase the seating capacity of the restaurant. There are several kinds of limiting factor can be found in the hospitality industry. According to â€Å"Richard Kotas and Michael Conlan† such limiting factors are like insufficient capital, shortage of efficient labour, management policy, consumer demand. 3.5 Budgetary behaviour and employee motivation It is found that different aspects of budget/ budgeting can affect motivation of employees. â€Å"Kenis (1979) believed that a â€Å"tight but attainable† budget approach is the most effective way to motivate managers to perform better†. â€Å"The budget may be set as a target that management are motivated to meet, a realistic forecast of the likely outcome, or some combination of these goals. Hofstede and other have suggested that the target must be accepted by the budget holder, and this would usually be achieved with a bottom up or interactive approach† Collier, p., Gregory. Chris Argyris (1952-1953) has indentified that â€Å"budgets and budgeting can be related to at least four human relation problems: First, budgets pressure tends to unite the employees against management, and tends to place factory supervisor under tension. Second, the finance staff can obtain feelings of success only by finding fault with factory people. Third, the use of budget as ‘needlers’ by top management tends to make the factory supervisor to see only the problems of their own department. Finally, supervisor use budget as a way of expressing their own patterns of leader ship† Further, to be able to understand the level of such effect, it is essential to include specific organizational or employee factors in the analysis. For example, not enough time to educate department manager’s on the subject of budget and without a clear understanding they are allowed to operate their own department by themselves even though there is substantial training for budget is necessary, Therefore, what is needed is a planned training schedule for managers and employee (where required) for budget rather then holding inspirational presentation or seminars. â€Å"Swieringa and Moncur (1975) found that greater participation in the budget-setting process increases the quality of budgets – in other words, that there is a direct benefit of budgetary participation on subordinates behavior†. The absence of the â€Å"right† environment is the root causes of many budgeting issue specially those one relate to employee motivation. In many companies unit managers are acting like Gods because what they say is what would employees are intended to do and Even though at the end of budget preparing process â€Å"Is there any reactions?†, â€Å"is there any question or suggestion?† in most cases its seems like a bit of an empowering issue like a teacher is giving out the homework to the student. Budget matters are worst. Managers are always allowed to contribute

The Issue of Experiment in Mathematics Essay -- Math Philosophy Philos

The Issue of Experiment in Mathematics ABSTRACT: The issue of the status of mathematical knowledge a priori or a posteriori has been repeatedly considered by the philosophy of mathematics. At present, the development of computer technology and their enhancement of the everyday work of mathematicians have set a new light on the problem. It seems that a computer performs two main functions in mathematics: it carries out numerical calculations and it presents new areas of research. Thanks to cooperation with the computer, a mathematician can gather different data and facts concerning the issue of interest. Moreover, he or she can carry out different "tests" with the aid of a computer. For instance, one can study strange attractors, chaotic dynamics, and fractal sets. By this we may talk about a specific experimentation in mathematics. The use of this kind of testing in mathematical research results in describing it as an experimental science. The goal of the paper is to attempt to answer the questions: does mathematics reall y transform into experimental or quasi-experimental science and does mathematics vary from axiomatic-deductive science into empirical science? For thirty years the computer has been used by mathematicians to solve some problems. Automatic proving of theorems, proofs obtained with the aid of the computer for the theorems whose traditional proofs are not known (e.g. the four colour problem), using computer graphics, observations of different systems behaviour with parameters changed, solving differential equations, integration — these are only a few possibilities of computer application in mathematics. Using the computer created new work conditions for a mathematician, at the same time bringing about severa... ...objects. Because there can be shown an analogy between mathematics and natural sciences. Physical objects are recognized in the process of our experiencing materialistic reality. The experiment in natural sciences can be defined as a dialogue between the learning subject and the nature, which exists objectively. If we treat the experiment in mathematics in similar way, then there has to be two interlocutors: a mathematician and the field of mathematical objects, subjected to its own rules independent on the researcher's will. Notes (1) B.Mandelbrot in the context of using computer graphics states that: "The eye deserves to be made an integral part of the process of scientific thought" ("Opinions", Fractals 1(1993)1, p.120). (2) Those examples are quoted by G.Polya in "Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning", vol. I, Princeton-New Jersey 1954, p. 90-100, 168. The Issue of Experiment in Mathematics Essay -- Math Philosophy Philos The Issue of Experiment in Mathematics ABSTRACT: The issue of the status of mathematical knowledge a priori or a posteriori has been repeatedly considered by the philosophy of mathematics. At present, the development of computer technology and their enhancement of the everyday work of mathematicians have set a new light on the problem. It seems that a computer performs two main functions in mathematics: it carries out numerical calculations and it presents new areas of research. Thanks to cooperation with the computer, a mathematician can gather different data and facts concerning the issue of interest. Moreover, he or she can carry out different "tests" with the aid of a computer. For instance, one can study strange attractors, chaotic dynamics, and fractal sets. By this we may talk about a specific experimentation in mathematics. The use of this kind of testing in mathematical research results in describing it as an experimental science. The goal of the paper is to attempt to answer the questions: does mathematics reall y transform into experimental or quasi-experimental science and does mathematics vary from axiomatic-deductive science into empirical science? For thirty years the computer has been used by mathematicians to solve some problems. Automatic proving of theorems, proofs obtained with the aid of the computer for the theorems whose traditional proofs are not known (e.g. the four colour problem), using computer graphics, observations of different systems behaviour with parameters changed, solving differential equations, integration — these are only a few possibilities of computer application in mathematics. Using the computer created new work conditions for a mathematician, at the same time bringing about severa... ...objects. Because there can be shown an analogy between mathematics and natural sciences. Physical objects are recognized in the process of our experiencing materialistic reality. The experiment in natural sciences can be defined as a dialogue between the learning subject and the nature, which exists objectively. If we treat the experiment in mathematics in similar way, then there has to be two interlocutors: a mathematician and the field of mathematical objects, subjected to its own rules independent on the researcher's will. Notes (1) B.Mandelbrot in the context of using computer graphics states that: "The eye deserves to be made an integral part of the process of scientific thought" ("Opinions", Fractals 1(1993)1, p.120). (2) Those examples are quoted by G.Polya in "Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning", vol. I, Princeton-New Jersey 1954, p. 90-100, 168.

All State Case Study Essay

How does a company known for being conservative attract a non-conservative target market? Since being the founded in 1931, Allstate has been one of the leading companies in the insurance business acting as a leader in sales while remaining vocal about increasing safety processes. Starting in the 1960’s Allstate began promoting the customers safety by playing a role in convincing governments to make seatbelts mandatory and then again in the 70’s to 80’s in promoting airbags. Allstate’s motto â€Å"You’re in good hands† along with their ability to remain in a positive public light for many years has provided the confidence customers want in an insurance company. Allstate offers many types of insurance including home, rental, auto, life in addition to various recreational vehicles, motorcycles included. Slide 3-29 Estimating Current Demand: Total Market Potential With 9 million motorcyclists registered in this country this became a market that Allstate developed a heightened interested in targeting. After initial data collection they determined that they only provided insurance to a single digit percentage of this market. They began their campaign by simply trying to create awareness that they sold motorcycle insurance. The number of registered motorcyclists along with registered bikes would allow Allstate to help determine their total market potential. As many motorcyclists own multiple bikes this would need to be accounted for in estimating the potential number of buyers. Industry sales would then need to be looked at as not every motorcycle owner purchases motorcycle insurance, whether they are currently not using their bike or due to a disbelief in the need for insurance in general. This additional data could also be provided from surveys of buyer’s intentions targeted at those with a motorcycle license or those who have recently purchased a motorcycle. Slide 3-7 Database Management Marketing and selling insurance is very different beast from marketing retail products. Retail products typically can be marketed to offer something new to an individual that they don’t already have or to replace their current stuff with a newer versions. On the contrary once a customer has purchased insurance they do not make a change until they are either unhappy or a new offer is enticing enough to attract a customer to switch providers. Due to Allstate current customer profile they already have the ability to reach out, collect data and market to their 1.5 million motorcycle owners who were already clients for other types of insurance. (Elliot, 2008) By providing a package deal with other insurance policies purchased through Allstate they are able to market internally and increase sales to those that are already loyal customers. Slide 3-11 Needs and Trends As times have changed and gas prices continue to rise, along with our population, consumers have begun to switch from the larger vehicles to more gas efficient choices that allows them the freedom to commute in the car pool lane. Motorcyclists who initially rode solely for pleasure began using their more cost effective motorcycles as part of their daily commute. These factors have played a role in the increasing trend of motorcycle sales for the past decade. As these sales have remained elevated, this market has solidified its move to become a predictable and durable trend rather than a fad. Due to the concern that our current primary fuel source, oil, is finite and nonrenewable, we face substantial cost increases as depletion approaches. (Kotler & Keller, 2012) As the population continues to grow our highways also become more congested, increasing our commute time. In most Asian countries, with some of the more dense populations the main individual vehicle choice is the motorcycle. (Ing, H. T.-P., Eng, A.F.M.S. & Ing, N.X.D, 2008) In time we may see our country following this trend and this may eventually transform our transportation industry resulting in motorcycle sales becoming a Mega Trend. Slide 3-21 Natural Environments As of Motorcycle Industry Council’s most recent report, scooter sales are up 11.8% and dual-purpose bike sales are up 14.2%. (MIC, 2012) With the purchase of any of these types of bikes also comes a need for motorcycle insurance. The target population for these types of bikes are individuals looking for fuel efficiency, commute cost savings while still choosing a comfortable, more visible motorcycle or a less aggressive scooter. This target population fits into the Allstate’s current philosophy focusing on safety. Allstate’s website promotes the use of safety gear while riding and offers a good rider discount. According to the case study the increased sales are also accounted to the Baby Boomers and Generation Y consumers. Both these generations respond well to living green and are highly environmentally conscious along with image conscious. (Williams, K.K & Page, R.A) Slides: 4-11 Research Approaches, 4-30 Contact Methods & 4-31 Pro’s and Con’s of Online Research On the realization that this was an untapped market, Allstate did a wonderful job at reaching out to motorcyclists and determining how to target this population. Firstly, as Allstate found many of their staff were motorcycle riders themselves which allowed Allstate to start with their own internal focus groups. They then began their own website which was targeted exclusively to motorcycles in addition to sponsoring motorcycle rallies. (Helm, B. 2007) Motorcyclists are a tight community and communicate a great deal now through internet forums. Allstate has begun to play a role in this by providing their own forum and including their own employees. This provides them the ability to communicate directly with their consumers through a quick, cost efficient method. This also allows them to target individuals who are at a high likelihood of becoming potential customers and increases their ability to run quick surveys, whether determining user’s intention to buy or their opinion of Allstate versus other insurance providers. The other contact method that they have used in their sponsorship of motorcycle rallies has worked very well for Allstate’s competitor, Progressive. Progressive has been a longtime sponsor of the International Motorcycle Shows which allows them to advertise directly on their website and they makes them the first booth each visitor sees on attending the show. Immediately on arrival each visitor receives a business card to scan for free prizes which include various types of merchandise with Progressive’s logo. This marketing strategy has increased consumer association with their company name when asked where to buy motorcycle insurance. Allstate’s steps to enter the growing Motorcycle industry has not happened overnight however as it continues to grow their sales are likely to expand as well with their ability to attract the new conservative motorcyclists.

Countries That Lie on the Equator

Although the equator stretches  24,901 miles  (40,075 kilometers) around the world, it travels  through just 13 countries, though only the water controlled by two of these rather than the landmasses themselves. The equator is an imaginary line that circles the Earth, splitting it into the Northern and Southern hemispheres. Because of this, the intersection point of any location by the equator is equidistant from the North and South poles. Find out what life is like for countries along the equator. 13 Countries That Lie on the Equator Of the 13 countries that lie on the equator, seven are in Africa—the most of any continent—and South America is home to three of the nations. The remaining countries are island nations in the Indian and Pacific oceans.   The countries through which the equator runs are: Sà £o Tomà © and PrincipeGabonRepublic of the CongoThe Democratic Republic of the CongoUgandaKenyaSomaliaMaldivesIndonesiaKiribatiEcuadorColombiaBrazil 11 of these countries are in direct contact with the equator. The landmasses of Maldives and Kiribati, however, do not touch the equator itself. Instead, the equator passes through water belonging to these islands. The Equator as a Line of Latitude The equator is one of five lines of latitude used to help people navigate the world. The other four include  the Arctic Circle, the Antarctic  Circle, the Tropic of Cancer, and the Tropic of Capricorn.  Because the Earth is a sphere, the equator—the middle line—is significantly longer than any of the other lines of latitude. Together with lines of longitude that run from pole to pole, lines of latitude make it possible for cartographers and navigators to locate any place on the globe. The plane of the equator passes through the sun at the March and September equinoxes. The sun appears to cross over the celestial equator at these times. People living on the equator experience the shortest sunrises and sunsets because the sun travels perpendicular to the equator most of the year and the length of days is virtually the same. Daylight in these locations lasts only 14 minutes longer than nighttime. Equatorial Climate Most countries intersected by the equator experience much warmer temperatures year-round than the rest of the world despite shared elevations. This is due to the equators near-constant exposure to sunlight all year long. Countries on the equator include almost half of the worlds rainforests—concentrated in the African nations of Congo, Brazil, and Indonesia—because levels of sunlight and rainfall along this line are ideal for largescale plant growth. Though it would be reasonable to assume that hot, tropical conditions are the norm in places straddling the Earths main line of latitude, the equator offers a surprisingly diverse climate as a consequence of geography. Some regions along the equator are flat and humid, others like the Andes are mountainous and dry. You will even find snow and ice year-round on  Cayambe, a dormant volcano in Ecuador with a height of 5,790 meters (nearly 19,000 feet). No matter the geography and location, there is little fluctuation in temperature throughout the year in any equatorial country. In spite of constant temperatures, there are often dramatic differences in rainfall and humidity along the equator as these are determined by wind currents. In fact, these regions rarely experience true seasons. Instead, there are periods referred to simply as wet and periods referred to as dry.